Final Conclusion: I've been playing on my realm ever since I started this issue thread and I have every detail on the issue. When the realm map converted to 1.13, everything was normal until a few days in when my game crashed and the realm crashed. I logged back in after starting up Minecraft again and the entire world, except for an entire chunk line where I was before the crash, had been reset. I had to go to the world backups and load a previous save to undo what had happened because everyone who had previously played, had lost everything. This might be another bug in itself, but it brings me to my main point. I've spent a lot of time in that, and the surrounding area, meaning a lot of the map had been loaded before 1.13. In these areas, the mob spawning is bugged. When not moving (while being inside a 1.12 loaded chunk), if I where to write /kill @e[type*every hostile mob*] I would be seeing a massive decrease in spawn rates, as hostile mobs basically would not spawn anymore. As is for the nether dimension. When using the farm as described below, I would be standing afk in the middle of the farm, all the pigmen would run towards me and get killed, but then none would spawn except a few. Once they've died off, none others would spawn eventually. Except if a player is moving. Either I have to move around the area for mobs to spawn, or another player has to. I have tried the exact same farms, re-built inside newly loaded 1.13 chunks and they're working as they should. I don't know what is causing this issue, but maybe if the same option that was added to single player, where to you optimize the world, were added to realms it would resolve the issue. Really hope you guys at Mojang can somehow figure this out and maybe fix it, as a lot of time has been spent on this map and restarting is NOT an option. Our goal when starting the realm a couple months back was to never start a new world anyways. If a video would be helpful to understand the issue, I'd be more than willing to upload a clip to youtube explaining and showing everything in detail.
ORIGINAL POST: Mobs spawn way less in the nether. I have a pigman farm, designed by ilmango (if you need video for reference), and in the previous version it would spawn at least 50 pigmen every time the first batch started dying. It was very good and a lot of pigmen spawned, that is my point. In 1.13, maybe 3-4 spawn every minute. And if another player joins, pigmen wont respawn at all. The farm uses iron golems to draw magma cubes off the farm, but they don't seem to spawn at all. There are also pigmen spread around outside the farm, but both those and the iron golems are named and should not count towards the mob cap. This farm is over 200 blocks in the air, but I also find that nothing spawns in the nether in general.
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I have the same farm (though incomplete at the moment and without pigmen or golems) and the same problem. Possibly worse, as I haven't had a single spawn at all
I have a very similar stoy to tell as is told above in "final conclusion", including the crash, the partial world reset, restoring a backup and no spawns in the pigmen farm. Also, moving around the farm helps with spawning.
On the other hand, I cannot say with certainty whether this spawning behaviour started with the crash or with the update to 1.13. Additionaly, I built drowned/trident farms in both pre- and post-1.13 terrain, and none of them works (though I am sure the farms' design is valid).
The phenomenon under discussion here might be related to MC-134969 .
The problem persists in 1.13.1 (at least that's the client version I'm running when connecting to the realm).
I've been having issues as well, but it seems more deep-seated. See, I am currently hovering 128+ blocks above the ground, nothing should be able to spawn. Yet, I can type /kill @e[type=!player] and it will repeatedly kill 80+ entities, slowly down to maybe 8-15, then none. Until I let the game sit for about 20 seconds, then they will be spawning in again. It's almost as if the spawn distance for players no longer accounts for Y distance from the player, and only the X and Z (creating a cylinder spawn radius rather than a sphere).
I even made a platform for mobs to spawn at at the height I currently am, but nothing will spawn on it, because the mobs are all spawning somewhere else, where they shouldn't be. And, changing the render distance doesn't change the result.
I am in 1.13.1 right now, as well
In case anyone needed solid evidence, https://youtu.be/Un_PBeH6GDo
As far as I can tell, yes. Might be better to use a minecart on a track though, as they will help load chunks faster.
As Amanda commented on MC-134969, the issue seem to be resolved in version 1.13.2. For me, the issue described in the original post vanished with 1.13.2. Also, my trident farm has started to work with 1.13.2, without me changing anything else.
It seems mob spawn, but you have to update their spawning blocks by moving towards or away from them. Standing still will not spawn mobs in the nether at all, and not in the overworld either.