Teleporting long distances will have you ending up several blocks down, and in some cases even out of the world resulting in death.
To recreate, teleport to 1000 ~ 1000 or an area of the world that has not been loaded yet.
After teleporting, you will end up underground suffocating (or if your lucky, in a cave) or even in the void or a lava pool
EDIT : Glitch does not work when teleporting into an area with water (eg, ocean, a lake, etc)
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From what coordinate have you teleported?

-245 72 -20 (world spawn point)
Hmm, I see. Apparently this has already been reported, see MC-149916.