From what I can tell, if the username of the windows profile contains Cyrillic characters the game crashes on launch.
I created 4 local profiles (non-microsoft) on the same machine to test this. The two containing Cyrillic characters crashed every time while the other two launched and performed flawlessly.
Steps to reproduce
Install Minecraft
Create a new local user with a username containing Cyrillic characters. I used "тестовое"
Open launcher, enter credentials
Game fails to launch
Your game seems to have crashed. Please upload a crash report.