The /effect give command supposedly has a configurable duration, but for saturation the duration seems to be divided by 20. For example, the command
/effect give @p minecraft:saturation 60
applies the saturation effect for 3 seconds instead of 60.
This problem only seems to apply for saturation; I tested all other effects, and the durations worked as expected.
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We're tracking this issue as MC-19648, so this ticket is being resolved and linked as a duplicate.
That ticket has already been resolved as Won't Fix, which means this is considered a bug but won't be fixed. The description of that ticket or the comments might explain the rationale. Please do not leave a comment on the linked ticket.
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Duplicates MC-19648