Speed 1 and speed 2 don't cause the camera to clip, at walking speed, but they do at sprinting speed. Speed 3 (which is impossible in survival mode) will always clip the camera, even if you're walking. The clipping only gets worse the higher your level of speed is.
The clipping is similar to that one bug where you make your Minecraft window very wide, and you can see through blocks.
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We're tracking this issue in MC-92250, so this ticket is being resolved and linked as a duplicate.
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