When playing Minecraft in windowed mode, the GUI Scale options under Options > Video Settings are restricted to 1x, 2x, and Auto. However, if I switch to fullscreen mode, click "Done" to save the settings, and then return to Video Settings, the GUI Scale options expand to include 1x, 2x, 3x, 4x, and Auto. This inconsistency suggests that the available GUI Scale options are not properly initialized or updated based on the window state until fullscreen is toggled and settings are saved.
This is because your game window is smaller; 3x and 4x would be too big of GUI scale options so they’re disabled. If you were playing on 4k you would get 5x, 6x, 7x and 8x options, LTDR: this is a feature.