As said, the new launcher downloaded from minecraft.net wont launch minecraft 1.12 or lower but instantly crash without giving a crash report. The older launcher flatpak version still downloadable in the linux packet sources will launch those verions just fine on my computer.
MCL-16524
Linux launcher downloaded from minecraft.net wont lauch 1.12 or lower, but the older launcher flatpak found on linux packet sources can
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I see you are using java 11. Have you tried launching those versions with java 8? The older versions of mc do not support newer versions of java.