Game launcher failed to launch Minecraft with splash screen as attached. There's NO error log left behind, and there's no actual information about any problems or even warnings in launcher output log (see: http://paste.ubuntu.com/24655546/).
Issue cannot be fixed by:
clear installation of Minecraft
updating drivers / java (as mentioned above, both are up to date)
running MCL as administrator
disabling AV software
NOTE: After downloading old launcher version (1.6.73) it's possible to launch the game (however, user is forced to reset all his/her settings), but this is NOT acceptable solution for this problem.
EDIT: Launcher log (510kB, plain ASCII) added. It is available also at http://paste.ubuntu.com/24659281/
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Please do not mark unreleased versions as affected.
You don't have access to them yet.

Thank you for your report!
However, this issue has been temporarily closed as Awaiting Response.
We do not have enough information to find the cause of this issue.
In case of a crash please add the file [.minecraft/launcher_log.txt|http://hopper.minecraft.net/help/finding-minecraft-data-folder]
to this ticket.
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Broken NVIDIA drivers, see MC-112780

Thank you for NOT even reading the information I provided. If you find a moment to do so, you will see that:
a) nVidia drivers are updated to newest version, which supposedly "fixed" the issue
b) the crash is also occuring when Minecraft is using Intel HD 4600 graphic card, which (understandably) do not using nVidia drivers of any kind.