Note blocks work just fine if nothing is placed on it. Even if you place a button, the note blocks just won't work. I'm trying to build an allay item sorter and it's not possible at the moment.
Does playing buttons and redstone (for example) on a noteblock in Java block any notes coming out when right-clicking?
Jukebox/Noteblock volume is on 100% when testing this issue.
This is intentional, see MC-8102.