Water is supposed to block sky lighting and get it to decay by 3 for each block to eventually 0, meaning it should be dark at the bottom at the ocean. However, this is not how water is currently behaving.
I have included two screenshots showing how I'm clearly able to see the bottom of the ocean at day time when swimming at 1-3 block deep under water like I'm having a night vision effect (screenshot on the left), and, when going deeper, everything slowly becomes dark and turns back to what it's supposed to look like (screenshot on the right).
Nonetheless, it's only a visual bug depends on where the player is underwater and it's less noticeable at night time.
The expected behavior:
Whatever the light level is (underwater), it should stay consistent wherever the player is.
This issue existed since the Aquatic Update and is yet to be fixed.
Steps to reproduce:
Open World
Set time to day
Find a deep ocean
Go underwater one block deep, and then slowly go deeper.
You'll notice how deeper levels of the water is going slowly darker, until you go deep enough and it'll stop.
Linked issues
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I don't see any reason for why it should stay like this. It doesn't make any sense.

Confirmed: the illumination of blocks underwater is determined first by the sky light level at the player's position. The block light level of the blocks themselves is only visible if it is greater than the player's sky light level.
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That is similar to the lighting issue with chest minecarts, MCPE-22533. It also relates to the general problem with water lighting being too bright and affecting non-water blocks based on the player being in water, reported at MCPE-57701.

One thing I'd like to mention is that it doesn't get dark enough underwater even at night time. I still can clearly see the bottom of the ocean without the need of other night sources even at night time. I think it's mainly because there isn't much difference between light level 15 and 0 underwater OR it simply doesn't reach light level 0 underwater.
Reply from @unknown: that's the issue tracked at MCPE-57701.

Affects 1.17.2

Affects 1.18.0.21 beta.

Affects 1.17.41

Affects 1.19.0.24

Affects 1.18.31

In caves, if you are in water, you can see better than in the air.
Reply from @unknown: that's MCPE-57701. This ticket only applies to water near the surface where the player is close enough to sky light.

Henry Markle: since this is your ticket please do not comment affected versions. You can add it yourself directly.

Affects 1.19.2 Hotfix.

Affects Preview 1.19.50.21

Affects both the 1.19.50 full release, as well as the 1.19.60.22 preview.

The bug still affects the most current version, Preview 1.20.30.22.

The bug is still present in the current preview, 1.20.50.21

The bug is still present in Preview 1.20.50.24.

This is on purpose; in real life, the deeper you go in water, the darker it gets (in case you didn't know).

The issue isn’t that it gets darker when you are deeper in the water (which should be the case), but that the underwater darkness doesn’t render for the player until you are below a certain Y level.
You are granted night vision just below the surface of the water, and can see the ocean floor dozens of blocks down as though it were broad daylight. Once you dive lower, the world begins to look darker (as detailed in this bug report), but the night vision never completely goes away.
This bug is connected to MCPE-57701, which goes into greater detail about the forced night vision. This is a parity issue, and does not align with how underwater lighting works in the Java Edition of the game.

This bug is still present in preview 1.20.60.20.
I’ve added an image showing off the lack of any light-decay detailed in the bug report.

The bug affects the current preview release 1.20.60.21.

The bug still affects the most current version, Preview 1.21.0.26. This issue also needs tagged as a parity issue, as this behavior is not consistent with the Java Edition.

Bug is still present in version 1.21.40.23

This bug is still present in the current preview, 1.21.40.25

Affects 1.21.50.20

Affects current Preview, 1.21.50.24

Affects current Preview, 1.21.50.25

Affects version 1.21.50.26.

Affects the most recent Preview, 1.21.60.21.

Affects Preview 1.21.60.23.

This bug is still present in preview 1.21.80.25.
This bug is referenced, but not linked in the “Known Issues” section of 1.21.80.25’s Minecraft.net article.
This bug is connected to MCPЕ-57701, which details how a sort of unlisted night-vision effect is granted to the player in Bedrock Edition anytime they are under water.
With this bug, elevation affects the intensity of this night-vision effect.
This bug should be considered a parity issue, as this behavior does not exist on Java Edition.
I think it is not a bug, I think this is supposed to be like this