To reproduce, build the setup shown in the attached screenshot and break the rail on the diamond block. Observe the curved rail change orientation.
I suspect this bug has the same cause as MC-122787.
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Uploaded a demo:
Editing rail in 1.12.2: https://giphy.com/gifs/minecraft-rail-l49JZXWMCqiT42OyI
Editing rail in 18w02a: https://giphy.com/gifs/minecraft-rail-snapshot-3o752ggfT4BmqXXAIM
Also this (nearby rails being updated more aggressively than before) is most probably the cause of MC-122663 (terminal ascending rails now reverting to flat) which was closed as "as intended" and commented with "you can build in a previous version and then upgrade".
Curious if this is also as intended and our previous ability to edit tracks next to previously completed tracks was a bug all along.