To the right is a true double slab, to the left is a bottom slab on top of a top slab. The suffocation behaviour is inconsistent; one would expect the creeper on the left to also be taking suffocation damage.
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AFAIK this is intended. Mobs only suffocate in solid blocks, double slabs are solid, half slabs are not even if they are arranged like this.

I believe that @caucow is correct

Works As Intended I believe. The two previous comments are correct.

Leaving open for mojang to decide (they could make half slabs suffocate as well).

Confirmed for 1.16.1

Interestingly not fixed in 20w29a

Not only is it not fixed in 20w29a, double half slabs don't suffocate mobs too.

In 1.16.1.
Can confirm in 20w51a.
Can confirm in 21w05b.
Can confirm in 21w06a.

In 24w12a.