The two pictures show the only two "languages" I can swap to. After changing my language from (US) English to something silly like pirate speak, I can only use Russian and what ever the other bugged language is. I've tried swapping to any other language but when I do this it only cycles between Russian and the other one.
I am currently under Windows 10, update 1.14, Java edition. I have no idea how to recreate this bug, or what even caused it. It also doesn't go away :l
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Seems like MC-148657.
I resolved the issue. By switching to an older version and changing the language, then re-updating and going back to 1.14, all the languages came back