Occurs in all three gamemodes. The damage sound and animation happen but not the damage itself.
To reproduce:
> Do the command /effect <player> 11 600 4
> Fall into void.
> Fall for 10 minutes.
Related issues
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It does not! Resistance V negates all the damage, same as the void problem. Good query.
I did more mining: In fact the /kill problem was reported on before: MC-16530
But that was labelled as a duplicate of a similar problem (wrongly, in my opinion): MC-10755
And that ticket was resolved with "Won't Fix", so... the end?
This ticket might be labelled a duplicate too, but I don't think people should be unwilling to fix this. It's a legitimate bug and it shouldn't be this way in the game.

Duplicate of MC-16530.
Does doing /kill work with Resistance V? They could just make falling into the void have the same effect instead of gradually doing damage.