Note: I'm almost certain this was created and closed already. However, circumstances have changed. MC-171860 was resolved by implementing a /location function for nether fossils, and MC-174499 was permitted to stay open. This can be closed, but I think it's fair to let it stay.
Dungeons cannot be located with the /locate command, nor can they be used in the location advancement trigger.
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Wouldn't allowing some structures to be located and not others be an inconsistency?

No. The ticket has clearly be closed as a feature request by a developer. But you can leave a comment in MC-107829 if you want to.
Hi, could this be reopened? As detailed in the description, cirumstances around this seem to have changed. I don't think this should be a duplicate (similar to how MC-174499 is technically a duplicate but is being left open)