Rain is visible and can be heard underground. I'm not aware of a way to reproduce this bug, it just happened.
Environment
Late 2020 iMac running macOS 10.14.16 with 8 GB of memory, 2.7 GHz Intel Core i5 processor, NVIDIA GeForce GT 640M 512 MB graphics card. Running Minecraft in fullscreen.
Please see the moderator note on MC-179845 on how to fix this.