Upon loading the game, the menu is extremely bugged out (though still functional.) Continuing from the menu into the game shows that the game itself is incredibly bugged as a whole on the visuals.
I wasn't able to get screenshots of the mobs, but they would continuously flicker between the textures of all sorts of mobs. A villager could flicker between a whole bunch of other villager textures in just a few seconds, turn invisible, or even have a different mob's texture stretched onto it (such as a horse). This would happen with all mobs, like cows flickering to creeper textures and so on, with every mob I saw.
The screenshots below explain how everything else broke pretty well.
[media][media][media][media]Related issues
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I think your Minecraft installation is corrupted.
Please attach a screenshot while in game (in a world) with the F3 debug screen enabled (hit F3 to enable), even if the F3 debug screen is glitched;
Please put your more graphics card details in the Environment section of the issue;
Please force a game crash by holding F3+C for more than 10 seconds and attach the crash report to this issue.

@SomeonePLaysMC
Added a screenshot of the F3 debug screen, as well as a manual crash report. I'm not 100% sure on most of my laptop's graphics info as it's a prebuilt I got years ago, but I added the version it's at. If more info is needed on the graphics, please let me know what it is and how to find it. ^^

Issue persists in 1.17 pre-1

Probably this will fix it:
Move your "saves" folder from the ".minecraft" folder to desktop;
Uninstall the launcher;
Delete the ".minecraft" folder;
Update to Windows 10 (optional);
Reinstall the launcher;
Enter minecraft;
Create new world;
Save and quit, then exit minecraft;
Delete the new "saves" folder from ".minecraft" folder;
Move the "saves" folder from your desktop back into ". minecraft" folder;
Re-enter the game and this may be fixed now.
If this doesn't fix it, then try doing the steps again plus the optional step (updating to Windows 10)
if this STILL doesn't fix it, then contact Mojang Technical Support
Technical Support (resources): https://help.minecraft.net/hc/en-
us/articles/360035130751-Technical-support-resources
Technical Support (request): https://help.minecraft.net/hc/en-us/requests/new

"Technical support (request)" will be recommended to click if nothing above works, because you can describe what is exactly happening.
Please also check out minecraft's help page: help.minecraft.net

See MC-218803.

Yes, in MC-218803 there is a comment saying that it is due to outdated graphics. So most likely that is the problem.
Searched the graphics details on google, this is what came out:
https://www.google.com/search?q=intel+hd+4000+release+date
It looks like this graphics "card" was made in 2012
Duplicate of MC-218803.