I wonder If Java Edition has the same issue as Bedrock edition (https://bugs.mojang.com/browse/MCPE-121708, in which they appear inconsistent before caves and cliffs.
(Copied From Gruntastic's report above)
Create a new world with experimental features enabled
Run the following command as you move around the world:
/fill ~-1 -63 ~-1 ~1 ~ ~1 air
Caves will only generate properly below layer 0 and less commonly above layer 0.
The caves will also not generate through any custom blocks
Expected Results:
The cave carver feature works
Actual Results:
Caves don't generate
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Comments 6
No I didn't. I am just assuming based on the comment of a user named @Brent on MCPE-121708. However I can still see canyons at the surface, sometimes with aquifers in them. I'll compare how it is generated between Java and Bedrock.
Those are screenshots of caves in a meadow biome. They seem to be all noodle caves instead of old caves. Then compare the last one taken from 1.17.
Did you test if this was an issue in Java Edition?