When the game renders celestial objects in the sky, the objects are rendered with the sun and moon rendered before the stars. This will cause stars to appear in front of the sun and moon, if a sun and moon texture is larger than usual.
It would make more sense if the stars are rendered before the sun and moon because they are farther away from the player.
Code analysis shows celestials are render in the order sun, moon, stars. A more logical order would be stars, sun, moon. (This would make no obvious difference with vanilla textures because the sun and moon are placed in gaps in the star field.)
To reproduce:
1. Enable the "Jupiter Moon" resource pack (it replaces the moon with Jupiter, also has a round sun)
2. Create any world (I used a void world)
3. Set time to 18000
4. Look up and inspect Jupiter -> stars are drawn on top of the "moon"
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is duplicated by 1
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Fixing this is not hard, but a fix that reorders the rendering would have some side effects. Any dark areas of sun and moon textures would have the stars showing through, and this may be undesirable in some cases, such as large crescent moons. This may require alpha channels to be added to the sun and moon and some reworking of the sky rendering to use alpha channels. No change is needed for the default textures, but this may impact resource packs such as the attached "Jupiter Moon" pack.
Attached is an image that demonstrates the issue (created in 2016 using version 1.10.2). A close inspection of the image will show a few stars rendered on top of the image of Jupiter.