Usually when a player kills a mob with the player's armor on, the armor will be dropped usually undamaged. If the Thorns Enchantment is on the armor, sometimes damage will be reflected back to the player. At the time the player takes damage, the armor also takes damage due to the mechanics of how Thorns works. The main issue in this bug report is that mobs usually don't damage the armor in all circumstances (except for sunlight) and the armor takes damage from the Thorns Enchantment. I have attached a world with a spawner consisting of a "docile" skeleton riding on top of an undamaged diamond chestplate. When the skeleton spawns, the skeleton will wear the diamond chestplate as if the diamond chestplate was the player's diamond chestplate.
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Well, the Skeleton actually spawns riding on an item entity, in this case the item is a diamond chestplate with Thorns III.
I see. Well, when the skeleton spawns on top, the item gets picked up by the skeleton, Try disabling it's ability to pick up loot (NBTtag CanPickUpLoot to 0)
I don't really understand, but Thorns works by having a (level*15)% chance of damaging anyone who attacks the wearing and, upon successfully giving that damage, reduces durability. If there are multiple pieces of armor, only the one with highest durability counts.
Also, if my assumptions are correct, you are trying to make a skeleton ride on top of a diamond chestplate, which you cannot do, as chestplates are not entities.