This is a lighting issue I have observed in 1.3.2, 1.4.2, and 1.4.4.
I'm in a large room at y=9, and the center cursor is pointing at a wall at z=450.
The attached set of 21 pictures show me walking in straight line towards this wall, moving from z=406.5 to z=426.5 by unit increments.
At z=406.5 (first pic) you cannot see the opposite wall.
At z=416.5 (2012-11-11_23.18.15.png) you can see it clearly.
And at 426.5 (last pic) you cannot see it anymore.
Because of this, moving in this room is very weird. There are some positions where you can see the entire room clearly (it's 50-block long), but when you move towards one of its extremities it progressively fades into the dark before becoming visible again...
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Can you please retest with default texture pack and without mods ?

I tested with the default texture pack and got the same behavior. I have no mod installed.

I think this may be a problem with void fog rendering.

Actually some of your screenshots show, you have indeed direct sunlight in this room. "Opening up an area to the sky removes void fog in a small area around the opening." (Quote from minecraft wiki: http://www.minecraftwiki.net/wiki/Void_Fog#Void_fog)

Good catch, that's it !
At the screenshots the skylight ("sl") increases and has it's maximum near the ladder to the right, then decreases again to 0.

Yes, I have one block at (80,9,416) which is under direct sunlight (or moonlight). The middle position in my sequence, in which the full room is visible, is just 5 blocks away from that block.
So I guess I can't really call this a bug, since it is documented. It is still a bit counter-intuitive though.

The underground is dark, and if you allow sunlight in it, that small area gets less dark.
Works for me.

Very nice descriptive screenshot series. Apparently not everyone "gets it", though.
George: You misunderstood the effect; it is not only the area around the sunlight that becomes less dark, but when you move to that small area, the visibility range towards everything becomes better.
Nevertheless, that is the "Minecraft physics" of void fog; see the linked issue MC-603 for more.