[1.21.7] Screen Freezes and Textures Turn Black Over Time (Java 17 and Higher)

In Minecraft Java Edition 1.21.7, the game only runs in full screen, but over time, the textures become corrupted: they turn black, my hands disappear, and the interface also becomes unreadable or black.

I tried Java 8, Java 17, Java 21, and Java 24 (Adoptium and Oracle).
In Java 24, it starts, but the screen freezes after a few minutes.

I tried without mods, without shaders, with low graphics options, and deleting options.txt, but the error persists.

The game is installed in a custom folder (on a different E: drive).
I used the official launcher.