To reproduce, create a world, give yourself a status effect of a set duration, and pause the game for that duration. Once the duration has elapsed, unpause the game and check if the status effect is still applied.
It would be expected that the timer is paused when the game is paused. For example, drinking a potion and pausing the game should not consume the duration of that potion.
Currently, status effects' duration continue to decrement while on the pause screen in single player.
I believe this may have been resolved, see
MC-300105.