When you break blocks near other nearby blocks, occasionally the block or item will go through the ground, and either disappear or show up somewhere else instead of hitting the wall or ceiling and stopping. This is a randomly occurring event and has happened to me when I was mining gold, iron, coal, diamonds, and other such things.
Duplicate of MC-47650 - If you have not, please use the search function in the future, to see if your bug has already been submitted. If you could not find the original report, please comment with the keywords you searched for.