As soon as you enter the nether, the game creates a new portal in the nether, outside of the (nether)worldborder (see screenshot1) and the player is trapped.
You cannot destroy or place blocks
If you teleport yourself back within the (nether)worldborder, you cannot destroy or place any blocks either
If you go back through that portal to the overworld, the game creates a new portal next to the worldborder (see screenshot2)
same effect in SSP
Bug does not appear in snapshot 14w33c and before (tested it)
The worldborder in this world is centered around -3330x & -8200z and set to 970, moving outwards at a rate of 10 blocks/day.
The fix:
set the worldborder to 10000 or above
(but then there is no point in using it at all)
Effect of the fix:
the nether portal (overworld) connects perfectly to the pre-placed portal in the nether which position can be calculated.
Regression of MC-53555