I was searching around on a world (custom option) when I decided to switch from 16 to 32 render distance. Once in game, I noticed what you see in the screenshots. I decided to lower the render distance and turn off the resourcepack to no avail. Also, this is the first I've experienced this. I can usually run everything the same with the game working fine.
EDIT: I was able to reproduce, simpily by reloading the world and setting the render distance to 32. I have a feeling it has something to do with the fact that its a custom world option, and I changed a ton of the bars position. I would upload the world, but its 18 MB.
EDIT 2: I see that it has to do with AMD cards, but it doesn't make since because its very powerful. I can run any other game at 30-60 FPS (highest settings)
Environment
System.getProperty('os.name') == 'Windows 8.1'
System.getProperty('os.version') == '6.3'
System.getProperty('os.arch') == 'x86'
System.getProperty('java.version') == '1.7.0_67'
System.getProperty('sun.arch.data.model') == '32' (The version I use has a java 64 set)
Memory: 7.9GB (Xmx3G, Xmn3000M)
Graphics: AMD Radeon HD 8800M
Processor: Intel Core i7 4770S (3.10GHz, 8CPU)
JVM Arguments: -Xmx3G -XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC -XX:+CMSIncrementalMode -XX:-UseAdaptiveSizePolicy -Xmn3000M
The game lets me play normally if I set the render distance to 32 prior to entering the world. Also, as far as I know I had VBO off by accident.