If I place a rail (any type) and a minecart on top (any type) and move the rail with a piston (that is placed one block away), the minecart will turn.
How I did this:
1. Place a rail (any type will work) facing nourth-south (default rotation)
2. Place a sticky piston with one block space between the piston and the rail (see img1)
3. Place a minecart on the rail (see img2). Any type of minecart will work
4. Power the piston (img3)
5. When the piston moves the rail (when retracting) the minecart will change facing to east-west (img4)
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How is this resolved? The issue in MC-4057 is a slightly different scenario, although similar. That is where the cart rolls off of the rail and turns slightly. In this report and also my issue, we remove the rail beneath (this person used a piston and I mined the rail) and the cart instantly (no actual turning viewed) changes direction (90 degrees). So I do not see how this is considered as a duplicate or as resolved.

Mojang may have considered it part of the same issue, as removing the rail caused the cart to "go off a rail" and the cart turned.
Seems closely related, if not part of the same [coding/object/hitbox/whatever's causing this] error. We've been hoping for years for said issue to be resolved, and hopefully it's at least in the back of someone's mind among Mojang's engineers.
If MC-4057 does finally get resolved and your issue is then not fixed, then petition again for this to be reopened and the mods should oblige.