Any version below 1.13 crashes when launching

You should check your Java version. Versions below 1.13, as far as I remember, don't support new Java versions.

We do not have enough information to find the cause of this issue.

Please attach the full launcher log found in [minecraft/launcher_log.txt|http://hopper.minecraft.net/help/guides/finding-minecraft-data-folder/].

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Same thing is happening for me (Ubuntu 19.04), here is my launcher log: 

Change Java 11 back to Java 8 with sudo update-alternatives --config java

and restart the launcher. Older versions will now work.

There should probably be a Launcher prompt to make this clear.

Is this still an issue for you?

I fixed it by setting the java path for the profile to Java 8.