Candles can only be placed on full blocks. This is inaccurate to how candles work on Java Edition.
From my testing, candles can't be placed on:
Slabs
Stairs
Scaffolding
Walls
Fences
Glass Panes
Iron Bars
Trapdoors
Makeshift workaround: Place a candle on a full block, break the block (the candle will stay floating) and place a slab/whatever beneath it.
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We're tracking this issue in MCPE-130695, so this ticket is being resolved and linked as a duplicate.
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