Steps to reproduce the issue:
Create an iron farm
Create ticking area for the iron farm
Teleport away from the iron farm for it to not be directly loaded by the player
Expected result: Iron golems and cats keep spawning after player leaves the farm while the farm is still loaded by the ticking area
Actual result: Farm does not keep spawning iron golems and cats when the player is not directly loading it
This behavior is different from Java Edition where iron farms continue to load in chunks that are loaded in via non-player presence (/forceload, portal loaders, ender pearls, etc.). Currently Zombified Piglins spawned from Nether Portals are the only mobs that spawn within ticking areas on Bedrock Edition.
Attachment (in comment) has a simple iron farm with a dropper spitting the farm drops and sending a message with a command block when new items are produced by the farm. It has command blocks to set dodaylightcycle gamerule, create tickingarea, and teleport away from the farm for testing purpose. Use /gamemode spectator if you spawn inside the farm, and /gamemode survival after. After teleporting, remember to wait a bit for existing golems and cars to clear the farm first. It should not take more than about a minute for a golem to spawn, if there is no “new item” chat message from the command block by then, the bug still happens.
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From what I gathered while trying to build an iron farm using villagers, the problem seems to lie in the golem-spawning algorithm. It doesn't actually scan the available range to find a valid spot; it simply attempts to spawn one within that area. If the point it selects turns out to be invalid for spawning, it simply registers the attempt as "spawned," forcing you to wait for the next cycle for it to try again at a valid location.
Nowadays, I think the only farms that work well are the ones that cover the entire spawning area, or a large area with water to ensure that spawning actually occurs. Unfortunately, the smaller the area, the less efficient the farm will be...
I don’t think this issue is related to the size of the iron farm. The farm in the attached world works fine when a player is near it, but not when it’s only loaded by the ticking area and not the player directly.