I'm having the same issue. I have only tested this in 1.13.2 and 1.14.2, but the bug only appeared in 1.14.2. This is how I reproduced it.
Get away from the spawnchunks, (/tp 1000 100 1000)
Place a single block in the air with nothing directly below or above it.
Place a carpet on the block.
While standing on the carpet, mark your coordinates, rounding down the y to the nearest integer.
Teleport back to spawn. (/tp 0 70 0)
Teleport back to the coordinates you marked (/tp 1000.5 100 1000.5)
You should see yourself falling below the block.
A couple additional things I have noticed are
If the carpet were removed, you would not fall
If the carpet were replaced by 2, 3, or 4 thin layers of snow such that standing on it makes y=integer+0.125 or +0.250 or +0.375, you would also fall through, but more than or equal to 5 layers of snow such that y=>integer+0.500 will teleport you to the right spot.
Even if the carpet is loaded by another player standing near it, you still fall through.
If you skipped step 5 and instead only walked a few blocks away, you would not fall through the carpet.
This is a big problem on my server with a lot of people falling into the void when trying to go to enderman farms. I would like to clarify that the above reproduction steps and comments were tested on my singleplayer vanilla server. I would appreciate a fix to this bug for 1.14.3.
I was able to reproduce on 1.14.4 but not on 1.15-pre1. I think it's fixed. Thanks for your hard work!