I have exactly this problem and I'm also Norwegian. Seems to be some issue with ucrtbase.dll in system32. Interestingly enough, Worldpainter doesn't wanna launch either. I used both last night right before I went to bed and it worked fine then. I have tried to find a solution for 8 hours now, including rolling back three windows updates that were installed this morning, but it made no difference.
I also can't reinstall Minecraft through the link above. The installer claims my C-drive is not my local drive, which it is. If I try install it directly into the main C:\ folder and not in Program Files (x86) like it suggests, then I get error code 2318. Very strange, all of this...
So far, the only thing that has worked is starting Minecraft through MultiMC and copy my savefiles into MultiMC's folder. So that works for now and I can at least play, but it would be nice to continue my map in Worldpainter as well...
Update at 22:18
Still having the same problems here unfortunately. Hope it will be fixed soon.
I still have the same problem as stated before, I cannot install Minecraft Launcher as it refuses to acknowledge my local hard drive... It doesn't matter where I try to place it, I always get this same message. So I'm completely stuck...
Edit: It works again, I had to download the exe file directly from here and just skip the installation entirely:
https://www.minecraft.net/en-us/download/alternative/
Still can't run any installations that involves Minecraft, which is very strange, so I hope I don't need to for the future.