This happened to me after re-installing Minecraft and logging into my account. The solution was to close it, and reopen Minecraft. For some reason, it didn't fully download and/or download correctly which may have been the reason for needing to do the second sentence.
So, here is the step by step for me:
Download Minecraft from the minecraft.net website for windows [The windows launcher]
Run the [Minecraft Windows Launcher]
It will "finish" or stop [Get interrupted]
Then I close Minecraft with the above screen.
Then I click on the launcher of Minecraft on Desktop to open it.
Minecraft resumes downloading if it still had a missing piece [Like username and password to validate]
Play the game normal again.
Should I provide some logs? I can provide them if they are helpful to you all 🙂
Possibly the same as MCL-18228