The issue occurs on every start if the config/default/permissions.json file is missing, the GameTest experiment is enabled, and the script-watchdog is enabled.
The same issue occurs on the Windows version, except that there is no message about the crash. The server just exits immediately after it starts.
I tested this in a VirtualBox VM running Windows 11.
Spawn eggs seem to work correctly in Minecraft 1.14.4, but the issue remains for firework rockets and tipped arrows.
Seems to have been fixed in 23w43b