I also had this problem now (1.18.2):net.minecraft.class_6558: Missing Palette entry for index 459742.
(warning, hardly reproducible, also: I have quite some mods installed)
after accidentally hitting an Iron golem, panic- disconnecting, reconnecting only to get killed by him, I think disconnecting and re-connecting again, being stuck at "Loading world..." (while on the server I was shown as "joined the game", and I could hear the villager sounds around me already)
I worked around it by teleporting (while in the loading screen) to another player.
The only problem left that the chunks (exactly 3x3) are missing from the world
[media]I got this error now every time I connect:
[media]
For anyone who can't upgrade to 1.19 (which allegedly fixes the bug) - here's how I "fixed" it:
1. moved player data file out of playerdata/
2. join server once
3. replace new file with original one
Chunks loaded again :tada: