When the game is launched with the new Microsoft Store Launcher, some Game Settings, Worlds and Server List changes aren't saved properly. By looking on the files, looks like (at least for the worlds) the files are saved on the folder, but Minecraft can't read them.
I recorded a video (heavly compressed from 130MB to 8MB lol) of what I believe is the most critical part of the issue, showcasing the world saving issues
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We're tracking this issue in MCL-19986, so this ticket is being resolved and linked as a duplicate.
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Reopened; this is a different issue.
More specifically, level.dat isn't saving. Instead, it has a series of files called level followed by a string of numbers. For existing worlds, this means that inventories won't save upon exiting. As listed below, is a save of mine with the level.dat missing and the string of numbers in place instead.
[media]Adding to Josefs comment, it also doesn't save the players location either.
I hope you can see this from this short clip I made using the new Microsoft Store Minecraft Launcher:
[media]


Not only worlds and player position, but it also happens with other game features, like multiplayer server list. I think that's related to the way that the new launcher works when launching the game or managing the storage access.
In the new Microsoft Store launcher, every launcher profile change that I made, launcher settings and also logged session dodn't save too. Currently I'm using the old launcher to play without these problems
This bug appears to be fixed as of the last Launcher update.

As Josef said, made some tests and I can confirm that apparently this bug is fixed in the newest launcher update.

Resolving as CR.
Partially duplicates MCL-19986