VulkanRenderPipeline passes a hardcoded 126 (VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT) (https://mcsrc.dev/1/26.3-snapshot-7/com/mojang/renderpearl/backend/vulkan/VulkanRenderPipeline#L321 ) to depthAttachmentFormat, while the color attachment formats on the line above are derived from ColorTargetState.format(). A render pass whose depth attachment is D16_UNORM, D24_UNORM_S8_UINT or D32_FLOAT_S8_UINT therefore does not match the format the pipeline was created with. The color equivalent is caught by the frontend with a clear exception, the depth case reaches the driver unchecked.
Can confirm.