Major graphics bug upon "mining" blocks ( block update? )

Whenever I start a game and break a block the whole world will appear with some really bugged graphics.
For better reference I made a screenshot and a short video showing in detail how the problem is triggered.
The game does not contain any mods or texturepacks.

Things I already tried:
Reinstalled Minecraft
Updated/reinstalled Java
Checked for graphics card updates ( non found )

Screenshot of the problem
https://www.dropbox.com/s/q0uq1hb01jtykl4/2014-05-14_01.04.50.png

Short video of the problem:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F21orDWDvUc