Reproduce:
1) Place a sign
2) Press the '<' key
This might happen only using "Spanish - International" on windows key distribution.
See screnshots:
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is duplicated by
relates to
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Single player too
Not only while writing a sign, for me it happens every time I press the key.

Potentially a LWJGL issue.
Happens to me on a Ubuntu 14.04 and German keyboard layout as well.

It happens to me too. In Windows XP SP3, keyboard layout "International Spanish"
Still happening in pre-release 3.
Also happens by using German keyboard layout, not just with the spanish one.
Also happens using Portuguese (portugal) keyboard layout
Confirmed for Minecraft 1.8.
It also happens outside of the Sign interface, but it doesn't happen if 'F2' isn't set as screenshot key.
(German keyboard layout, Windows 8.1, Minecraft 1.8)
Can someone update the description please?
EDIT: When changing to English (US) keyboard layout, MC doesn't take a screenshot when typing '<'. When changing to French (FR) or back to German (DE), it takes one.
2ND EDIT: Affected keyboard layouts are:
Belgian (BE), Catalan (ES), Croatian (HR), Danish (DA), Estonian (EE), Finnish (FI), French (FR), German (DE), Hungarian (HU), Icelandic (IS), Italian (IT), Luxembourgish (LU), Norwegian (NO), Portuguese (PT) and Spanish (ES)
And some more I didn't try, I guess.
3RD EDIT: It doesn't take a screenshot if 'Shift' or 'Control' ('AltGr' too) are pressed.
Does the same with Belgian layout 🙂 (Win 8.1, MC1.8)
The "<" key is just next to my "Q" key which is the AZERTY equivalent of the "A" key on QWERTY, I'm taking 20 screenshot per day xD
I've got a British keyboard, set to German. Same issue.

@Philippe Miguet:
But not when set to the default settings or?
Depends what you understand under default settings. The only thing I changed in Minecraft is the video settings (highest) and sound settings (mute music) and start chat with ENTER rather than T. However I did a setting reset... same issue. So technically... my MC setup is (almost) default. 🙂
Ah, and I forgot: I installed MC on my laptop when going on holiday, German keyboard, German setting... same issue with a virgin install.
It also affects Hungarian (HU) layout.
Same with Swedish QWERTY layout in Windows 8.1.
Very very annoying as I often by mistake press that key.
Maybe add all keyboards to the description/environment for easier access? @Alejandro Bentivengo
@metarmask - I already wrote all keyboard layouts I found out that they are affected into the comments. Read the older comments to see them.

fix this please, it's really annoying to make screenshots every thime you try to make a arrow (<<<<----->>>>) or whatever
Affected Versions
1.8.1pre 4
1.8.1pre 3
Please fix it it's really annoying to make screenshots every thime you try to make a arrow (<<<<----->>>>) or whatever
Updated Affected Versions
1.8.1 pre 5
Confirmed for 1.8.1.
Reminder: I also wrote some more details into the comments. Read the older comments to see them.
Hint: Change your screenshot key if you want to bypass this bug.

Really annoying bug, really easy to fix, please MC developers fix this
This so annoying x_x
Please fix it.
This affect every 1.8 version
It once happened to me in a laptop. Not in the desktop PC I usually use though.
Can confirm for Minecraft 1.8.2-pre1.
confirm

Confirm for 1.8.2-pre 6 please fix it !

Confirm: laptop AZERTY keyboard, BE layout, 1.8+
Happening to me on Windows 8.1. System language is English, keyboard layout is German. Very annoying. Workaround:
Binding the key to something else and saving the layout works. Unfortunately it just seems to be temporary as I'm taking screenshots again and it worked yesterday. You can rebind it again though.
Reminder to avoid further comment duplicates: I wrote some more details into the comments. Read the older comments to see them.
My comment was not a duplicate as:
my system language is English and yours is probably German.
for me rebinding only works temporary and for you it seems to be a permanent workaround
In my opinion this makes it additional information and not a duplicated comment.
Another thing I just noticed is that it seems to be happening on greater than, not on less than. So Shift + < is taking screenshots for me. It does not matter if it is the left or the right Shift key though.
I didn't specificly name your comment as duplicate and it's not really constructive to discuss about comment duplicates.
Also, I don't think that the system language has something to do with the system language, it's definitely an inputting issue.
The workaround only works temporary, you say? Maybe you're switching versions sometimes because when you switch to a version below 1.7, some controls get resetted, including the control to take a screenshot.
However, the issue description is very insufficient and it would be great if a mod would update the description or at least add a disclaimer because this issue has many duplicates and it is - at least in my opinion - important to fix.
Also confirmed for Minecraft 1.8.3.
I got this problem too on my keyboard with Swedish standard.
When writing < on a signpost or in the chat board my game takes a screenshot. It's really annoying.
However, when making a > sign (e.i. shift + <) does not make a screenshot for me. Only the < sign.
And this doesn't respond to the keyboard settings menu were it's still only set to take screenshot with standard F2.
I play version 1.8.3.
I hope this get fixet soon. < and > is kind of the most used letters on signpost in minecraft when making arrows. 🙂
---->
From my understanding, this bug occurs due to the following change in the client Minecraft class:
In 1.7.10 the keyboard input is read like so (using MCP names):
public void func_152348_aa()
{
int i = Keyboard.getEventKey();
...
}
Whereas in 1.8 it is read like:
public void dispatchKeypresses()
{
int i = Keyboard.getEventKey() == 0 ? Keyboard.getEventCharacter() : Keyboard.getEventKey();
...
}
This means that if the result from getEventKey() is 0, then the result from getEventCharacter() is used instead.
From a simple debug print (using a FI (= SWE?) keyboard/layout):
When pressing (and releasing) F2:
[06:12:57] [Client thread/INFO] [STDOUT]: eventCharacter: eventKey: 60 state: true
[06:12:57] [Client thread/INFO] [STDOUT]: eventCharacter: eventKey: 60 state: false
When pressing (and releasing) '<':
[06:13:19] [Client thread/INFO] [STDOUT]: eventCharacter: < eventKey: 0 state: true
[06:13:19] [Client thread/INFO] [STDOUT]: eventCharacter: eventKey: 0 state: false
So this means that when a user is pressing '<', the value of getEventKey() is zero, so the result of getEventCharacter() is used instead.
Now if you look at the ASCII table (for example at http://www.asciitable.com), you can see that the ASCII code for '<' is 60, which is the getEventKey() value for F2.
There may also be other collisions, where a "missing" getEventKey() value results in using the getEventCharacter() value of another key.
So the problem here is that the getEventKey() and getEventCharacter() values are not aligned, they should not be used in the same context like this.
Can confirm on a HU/Hungarian keyboard...
Confirmed on Slovenian keyboard. A screenshot is taken with < not only when typing it in chat and signs, but also when no GUI is open and even when the game is paused (ESC).

@unknown's explanation makes sense, but I cannot confirm it for other keys (1.8.4)
See also http://minecraft.gamepedia.com/Key_codes
Relates to:
Confirmed using Spanish-LatAm keyboard on 1.8.4.
Edit: Also happening in 1.8.6
Confirmed using German keyboard on 1.8.7
Also confirmed on 1.8.7 using Hungarian (HU) keyboard.
Realised that only 'AltGr + í ' takes a screenshot.
(Pressing 'AltGr + M' does not takes a screenshot)
Confirmed for 1.8.8 and 15w31a, German Keyboard on Windows 7
Edit: and 15w31b
They should try to fix this in tomorrow's snapshot, this bug is really annoying.
Confirmed with Finnish layout/keyboard.
So annoying.

Still in 15w31c on German Keyboard
Another week, another version it's in.
This time 15w32a on Windows 10 though,
Edit2: and 15w32b
Edit3: and 15w32c
Edit1: I just checked again. 1.7.10 was the last full release that didn't contain this bug and 1.8 was the first that did.

Fixed in 15w34a (at least on German Keyboards)

@@unknown: No, this was fixed in 15w33c - see the top of this ticket.
Fixed on Hungarian keyboard, too. (Tested in 15w34a though)
NOT resolved... 1.8.9 portuguese layout still taking screenshots...
It will be resolved in 1.9 (in fact, it is already in the 1.9 development versions). The only change in 1.8.9 was the Realms integration, so in 1.8.9 there were no bug fixes. There is no reason to reopen this issue since it is already fixed.
Still getting error, I using a Nordic layout
Martin, is this only on 1.8.9?
So basically:
To quick fix this, A: Use English keyboard setting.
To quick fix this, B: Switch the f2 button.
To fix it permanently in 1.8.9:
Find the faulty file
In your Minecraft folder, you will find the folder "versions"
Go to "1.8.9".
Open the "1.8.9.jar" with WinRAR (or whatever)
And extract the "ave.class"
Patch the faulty file
Download reJ: https://sourceforge.net/projects/rejava/
In reJ: Open the "ave" class you have extracted.
Find (ctrl+f): "public void Z()"
You will see this somewhere at the start of that text:
invokestatic int Keyboard.getEventKey() ifne label_12 invokestatic char Keyboard.getEventCharacter() goto label_15
Remove those 4 lines.
Save. Now you got a patched "ave.class" file.
Replace faulty with the patched file
Open the "1.8.9.jar" with WinRAR (or whatever)
Put the patched "ave.class" file into WinRAR to replace it.
Delete META-INF folder.
I use this json to accompany the jar: https://pastebin.com/GX7P95c1
DONE. Start Minecraft.
Confirmed