if you place a sponge anywhere but directly against a water block, it will not soak up any water regardless of whether its in range or not
To Replicate
create a hole that water can drain into
place two water source blocks side-by-side so both drain into the hole after a couple of blocks or so
place a sponge near a water source block leaving a 1 block gap between the sponge and source block (nothing should happen if bug holds true)
move the sponge 1 block closer to the source block and watch both source blocks drain away.
Attached are before and after pictures of the setup
I think this is intended behaviour, let's say there is a wall between the water and the sponge, it won't be able to suck up the water