Retracting pistons do not have any hitbox, for a slight moment. Normally this would not be a big problem. I think it is related to MC-54546 and MC-81651 and MC-93631. In the screenshot (btw, it was quite hard to take this screenshot because it's instant), the piston hitbox disappeared, and the stone's hitbox appeared, which is behind the piston.
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This appears to be the cause of MC-93631 as any block that requires a block to be under it breaks when the piston retracts.

Confirmed for 1.13.1.

This is because for a split second the piston turns into the block entity moving_piston which has no hitbox. A solution for this is to give moving_piston a block outline.
Can confirm in 20w48a.
Can confirm in 21w03a. This can cause you to break blocks through the piston whilst it's retracting.
Can confirm in 21w05b.
Can confirm in 21w06a. Video attached.
Can confirm in 21w07a.
Can confirm in 21w11a.
Can confirm in 21w17a.
Can confirm in 1.17.

Can confirm in 1.17.1.
Can confirm in 1.18.
Can confirm in 1.18.1.
Can confirm in 1.18.2.
Can confirm in 1.19.
Can confirm in 1.19.2.

Can confirm in 24w19b.