Excited to find the update "bug fix" this morning (bug fix from 9/26), but it did not fix the crash when inventory is opened on my son's iPad mini (1st generation). Once inventory is opened, the game crashes within a few seconds.

Excited to find the update "bug fix" this morning (bug fix from 9/26), but it did not fix the crash when inventory is opened on my son's iPad mini (1st generation). Once inventory is opened, the game crashes within a few seconds.

Same issue on my iPad Mini 1st gen. Hope it is fixed soon!

Same issue on my iPad Mini 1st gen. Hope it is fixed soon!

I have the same issue on my son's iPad Mini 1, with iOS 9.3.5

After upgrading to 1.12 It crashes as soon as the world opens.

I have the same issue on my son's iPad Mini 1, with iOS 9.3.5

After upgrading to 1.12 It crashes as soon as the world opens.

I uploaded a post about this and I got messaged about how this is a bug report website, not trolling!?

I uploaded a post about this and I got messaged about how this is a bug report website, not trolling!?

Same issue in IPad 2. Crashes when I try to do anything bud walk. Tried reloading app, restartin IPad, clearing apps we dont use, clearing cache.

Same issue in IPad 2. Crashes when I try to do anything bud walk. Tried reloading app, restartin IPad, clearing apps we dont use, clearing cache.

Could this be an issue related to iOS 9 ? Are users with iOS 10 also affected ?

Could this be an issue related to iOS 9 ? Are users with iOS 10 also affected ?

Soooo Annoying! If this doesn't get fixed soon, so help me, I will never play Minecraft Ever AGAIN!

PLS FIX!!😞

Soooo Annoying! If this doesn't get fixed soon, so help me, I will never play Minecraft Ever AGAIN!

PLS FIX!!😞

This bug affects all our iPad2 and iPad mini devices.
Kids started to play with their duplo and lego!
Please fix this soon, our house becomes a mess!!!
😉

This bug affects all our iPad2 and iPad mini devices.
Kids started to play with their duplo and lego!
Please fix this soon, our house becomes a mess!!!
😉

Dear Mojang, may I suggest you add a workflow status Tracked elsewhere. None of the duplicates are actually resolved at this stage, and this issue ticket is the controlling ticket.

Source: I am an Atlassian

Also another comment vote for this issue; both iPad Minis in our home and the entire elementary school fleet of iPads suffers from this random frequent crashing.

Dear Mojang, may I suggest you add a workflow status Tracked elsewhere. None of the duplicates are actually resolved at this stage, and this issue ticket is the controlling ticket.

Source: I am an Atlassian

Also another comment vote for this issue; both iPad Minis in our home and the entire elementary school fleet of iPads suffers from this random frequent crashing.

This happens on my iPad mini 4 running iOS 11 after the Minecraft version 1.2.1. It never happened before that.

This happens on my iPad mini 4 running iOS 11 after the Minecraft version 1.2.1. It never happened before that.

This is happening for us too:
iPad 2 - iOS version 9.3.5
Minecraft version 1.2.1
Please fix this issue!

This is happening for us too:
iPad 2 - iOS version 9.3.5
Minecraft version 1.2.1
Please fix this issue!

LOL you all are lucky at least it doesn't crash your whole PC/Phone mine locks up on Windows 10 after 1-3 hours

LOL you all are lucky at least it doesn't crash your whole PC/Phone mine locks up on Windows 10 after 1-3 hours

Same happens on iPhone SE, however I am still able to open the app. I found out that signing out of your Xbox live account when you’re not connected to WiFi seems to help.

Same happens on iPhone SE, however I am still able to open the app. I found out that signing out of your Xbox live account when you’re not connected to WiFi seems to help.

I have minecraft on the 2 ipad2 my children Use.
One runs perfectly with 1.1.7
The other one is unusable (super slow and crashes all the time) since i upgraded it to 1.2.

I have minecraft on the 2 ipad2 my children Use.
One runs perfectly with 1.1.7
The other one is unusable (super slow and crashes all the time) since i upgraded it to 1.2.

Even with the latest "bug fix" Minecraft still crashes and is very laggy on our iPad mini, with WIFI on or off.

My 7-year-old Minecraft loving son wishes they would just release the older version again, maybe calling it Minecraft "LITE", so that all the kids that can't play on their iPads can play again. Maybe the new version is just TOO heavy with all the multiplayer options for these smaller devices.

Please think about it - I know he'd be happy and doesn't really care if he can play with a stranger on XBox.

😞

Even with the latest "bug fix" Minecraft still crashes and is very laggy on our iPad mini, with WIFI on or off.

My 7-year-old Minecraft loving son wishes they would just release the older version again, maybe calling it Minecraft "LITE", so that all the kids that can't play on their iPads can play again. Maybe the new version is just TOO heavy with all the multiplayer options for these smaller devices.

Please think about it - I know he'd be happy and doesn't really care if he can play with a stranger on XBox.

😞

Loaded the 1.2.2 update, it's better, but still after a few minutes of play it starts getting laggy until eventual freeze and crash. Impossible to play above peaceful mode as cant battle mobs.

Loaded the 1.2.2 update, it's better, but still after a few minutes of play it starts getting laggy until eventual freeze and crash. Impossible to play above peaceful mode as cant battle mobs.

Didn't start affecting me until two days ago. When joining Lan game hosted by Xbox one, the game crashes on both systems. I hope they fix this. I was getting way into the new update, but after this it makes it not worth playing anymore.

Didn't start affecting me until two days ago. When joining Lan game hosted by Xbox one, the game crashes on both systems. I hope they fix this. I was getting way into the new update, but after this it makes it not worth playing anymore.

PE is unresponsive when it’s on wifi or offline but will work on mobile network though bugs still exist.

PE is unresponsive when it’s on wifi or offline but will work on mobile network though bugs still exist.

Mine only crashes like that if it signs into Xbox Live off of wifi. It also lags a crap ton when it doesn't sign into Xbox Live though that is better then a crash every two minutes.

Mine only crashes like that if it signs into Xbox Live off of wifi. It also lags a crap ton when it doesn't sign into Xbox Live though that is better then a crash every two minutes.

Load, lag, freeze and crash. On my iPad and 3 grandkids mini iPads. What's the status of fix?

Load, lag, freeze and crash. On my iPad and 3 grandkids mini iPads. What's the status of fix?

Will this ever be fixed? I would really like to stop hearing from my 5 years old, from keep saying "dumma minecraft", which is "The Stupid Minecraft" in Swedish. Both of us **really** love this game.

Will this ever be fixed? I would really like to stop hearing from my 5 years old, from keep saying "dumma minecraft", which is "The Stupid Minecraft" in Swedish. Both of us **really** love this game.

Mojang team,

Can you try your game with an Ipad 2 ?
Still crashes all the time with 1.2.3.

An other solution would be to remove Ipad2 from the compatible devices ?
We can read on itunes : "Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch."

What do you plan to do ?
Giving back a "MineCraft Pocket Edition" 1.1.7 would be awesome.
Not sure the 512Mb of RAM of the ipad2 will one day be able to host your 1.2 version.

Thanks

Mojang team,

Can you try your game with an Ipad 2 ?
Still crashes all the time with 1.2.3.

An other solution would be to remove Ipad2 from the compatible devices ?
We can read on itunes : "Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch."

What do you plan to do ?
Giving back a "MineCraft Pocket Edition" 1.1.7 would be awesome.
Not sure the 512Mb of RAM of the ipad2 will one day be able to host your 1.2 version.

Thanks

I have an iPad 2 and it crashes whenever I try to play a world. It used to let me play on servers such as Lifeboat but ever since Better Together it started crashing while loading servers.

I have an iPad 2 and it crashes whenever I try to play a world. It used to let me play on servers such as Lifeboat but ever since Better Together it started crashing while loading servers.

Update 1.2.3 was initially better not lagging, freezing and crashing. Now as bad or worse than before. Reloaded update, created 1 world easy mode. Still gets laggy, freezes then crashes. Peaceful mode is no better.

Update 1.2.3 was initially better not lagging, freezing and crashing. Now as bad or worse than before. Reloaded update, created 1 world easy mode. Still gets laggy, freezes then crashes. Peaceful mode is no better.

I have the same issues on my IPad 2 and my sons IPad mini both have version 1.2.3 and both just either crash as soon as your world loads or crashes after a few seconds of laggy play. It's is currently unplayable so we are both gutted. I hope it gets fixed soon we have both spent a lot of time on this game.

I have the same issues on my IPad 2 and my sons IPad mini both have version 1.2.3 and both just either crash as soon as your world loads or crashes after a few seconds of laggy play. It's is currently unplayable so we are both gutted. I hope it gets fixed soon we have both spent a lot of time on this game.

The white screen thing I got too. In my case it was caused by a bad internet connection. I had the issue for 10 min or so, even reboot didn’t fix. then finally Switched to different WiFi and the game started up.

However the constant crashing on iPad is real, esp when going through a portal. Also, after dying my spawn point resets about 50% of the time. A pain when fighting the ender dragon my end portal is a long trip from Base.

My world is pretty large, 150mb and my guess is the issue is related to file IO. Like when you go through a portal or die there is something in the file buffer that isn’t flushed to the drive in time before the next world loads causing crash and spawn reset.

The white screen thing I got too. In my case it was caused by a bad internet connection. I had the issue for 10 min or so, even reboot didn’t fix. then finally Switched to different WiFi and the game started up.

However the constant crashing on iPad is real, esp when going through a portal. Also, after dying my spawn point resets about 50% of the time. A pain when fighting the ender dragon my end portal is a long trip from Base.

My world is pretty large, 150mb and my guess is the issue is related to file IO. Like when you go through a portal or die there is something in the file buffer that isn’t flushed to the drive in time before the next world loads causing crash and spawn reset.

1.2.3 is now pretty much unplayable on my iPad and 2 mini iPads of grandkids. Laggy from start and forget about monster mode! 1.2 ... Is a lemon!

1.2.3 is now pretty much unplayable on my iPad and 2 mini iPads of grandkids. Laggy from start and forget about monster mode! 1.2 ... Is a lemon!

So one of the chunks of my world became unplayable (crashes when I step across the chunk boundry). I went to an month-old backup since that chunk had my blaze farm, which I need for blaze rods. Oh well, a month of building down the drain.

The restored backup worked fine for a few days.

Last night, I went to the blaze farm to tweak it's design a bit. After moving a couple pistons around, I turned the farm back on, a few blazes spawned, and as they were floating down the world crashed.

Now I can't start that world anymore, it crashes on load.

I could go back again to the backup, it's tempting, after all it's a 6 month old world that I'm really invested in. At this point though maybe it's time to throw in the towel. Sigh.

UPDATE: Turning the mode to 'Peaceful' and back allowed me to re-enter the world. I can retrigger the crash any time by trying to crush blazes w/ the pistons, it doesn't like that at all and reliably crashes when I do.

So one of the chunks of my world became unplayable (crashes when I step across the chunk boundry). I went to an month-old backup since that chunk had my blaze farm, which I need for blaze rods. Oh well, a month of building down the drain.

The restored backup worked fine for a few days.

Last night, I went to the blaze farm to tweak it's design a bit. After moving a couple pistons around, I turned the farm back on, a few blazes spawned, and as they were floating down the world crashed.

Now I can't start that world anymore, it crashes on load.

I could go back again to the backup, it's tempting, after all it's a 6 month old world that I'm really invested in. At this point though maybe it's time to throw in the towel. Sigh.

UPDATE: Turning the mode to 'Peaceful' and back allowed me to re-enter the world. I can retrigger the crash any time by trying to crush blazes w/ the pistons, it doesn't like that at all and reliably crashes when I do.

Where's the fix Mojang? The grandkids and I would like to start playing minecraft again.

Where's the fix Mojang? The grandkids and I would like to start playing minecraft again.

Just purchased on iPad mini. Crashes on open. I want a refund!

Just purchased on iPad mini. Crashes on open. I want a refund!

Mine crashes too. Has not worked since the update. Glad to see the issue is still open and they are working on it.

Mine crashes too. Has not worked since the update. Glad to see the issue is still open and they are working on it.

i downloaded the Dinosaur World for my son and now his Kindle Fire tablet crash after being in the world for 5 seconds. I would like a refund for the world.

i downloaded the Dinosaur World for my son and now his Kindle Fire tablet crash after being in the world for 5 seconds. I would like a refund for the world.

@unknown We cannot offer refunds here at the bug tracker, you will need to contact customer support.

@unknown We cannot offer refunds here at the bug tracker, you will need to contact customer support.

Alright Microsoft and Mojang, this has gone on long enough. While we realize that the unified game across platforms is a great goal, you are also contractually obligated to provide the purchased content under the Apple App Store T&C's, https://www.apple.com/legal/internet-services/itunes/us/terms.html, specifically "If technical problems prevent or unreasonably delay delivery of Content, your exclusive and sole remedy is either replacement of the Content or refund of the price paid, as determined by Apple." (emphases mine)

You are clearly aware that the game crashes regularly. There is no fix provided in a time that might indicate commercially reasonable efforts. This likely constitutes a breach of the provision to actually provide the content without technical problems preventing such. You have not provided information on when we can expect a fix for iPad Mini and other mobile devices.

Now, your own terms state that your games will contain errors and bugs however this length of time without a working update for us is totally unreasonable. I do not believe any of this will supersede Apple's terms: https://account.mojang.com/terms

tl;dr - I'm moving into refund process now, sadly.

By the way; along with two guys from Code.org (Brian and Will), I am the third guy who started the Hour of Code Minecraft tutorials that eventually led to these: https://code.org/minecraft. That start was a project at Atlassian in 2014. The real ones you see today were published a year later in 2015. We are huge supporters, and my kids played with deep enthusiasm - until this fiasco. Now they cannot sustain play at all and are losing interest in Minecraft. The entire Minecraft club at our elementary school is also experiencing same; both the crashing and the slow loss of interest. This whole situation is DEEPLY disappointing.

Alright Microsoft and Mojang, this has gone on long enough. While we realize that the unified game across platforms is a great goal, you are also contractually obligated to provide the purchased content under the Apple App Store T&C's, https://www.apple.com/legal/internet-services/itunes/us/terms.html, specifically "If technical problems prevent or unreasonably delay delivery of Content, your exclusive and sole remedy is either replacement of the Content or refund of the price paid, as determined by Apple." (emphases mine)

You are clearly aware that the game crashes regularly. There is no fix provided in a time that might indicate commercially reasonable efforts. This likely constitutes a breach of the provision to actually provide the content without technical problems preventing such. You have not provided information on when we can expect a fix for iPad Mini and other mobile devices.

Now, your own terms state that your games will contain errors and bugs however this length of time without a working update for us is totally unreasonable. I do not believe any of this will supersede Apple's terms: https://account.mojang.com/terms

tl;dr - I'm moving into refund process now, sadly.

By the way; along with two guys from Code.org (Brian and Will), I am the third guy who started the Hour of Code Minecraft tutorials that eventually led to these: https://code.org/minecraft. That start was a project at Atlassian in 2014. The real ones you see today were published a year later in 2015. We are huge supporters, and my kids played with deep enthusiasm - until this fiasco. Now they cannot sustain play at all and are losing interest in Minecraft. The entire Minecraft club at our elementary school is also experiencing same; both the crashing and the slow loss of interest. This whole situation is DEEPLY disappointing.

Thanks for the comments, I'm sorry this is still causing an issue for many.

Crashes are logged automatically, and the team are adding fixes for crashes with each update. However if you can add the following information it would help us to narrow down any specific causes:

• Game version number

• Device model

• OS version

• Description of when crash occurs (ie loading screen? joining world? xbox sign-in?)

• Does starting the game in Airplane mode make a difference?

Thanks for the comments, I'm sorry this is still causing an issue for many.

Crashes are logged automatically, and the team are adding fixes for crashes with each update. However if you can add the following information it would help us to narrow down any specific causes:

• Game version number

• Device model

• OS version

• Description of when crash occurs (ie loading screen? joining world? xbox sign-in?)

• Does starting the game in Airplane mode make a difference?

Mega_Spud, why didn't the team have a ipad mini 1 or an ipad 2 to test on, before pushing version 1.2 on the apple store ?
Do they have an A5 based ipad now ?

Mega_Spud, why didn't the team have a ipad mini 1 or an ipad 2 to test on, before pushing version 1.2 on the apple store ?
Do they have an A5 based ipad now ?

OK MoJira team @unknown, at my house we have two iPad Mini both model A1432. One running iOS 9.3.5, one running iOS 8.1.1 (I held one back to compare / contrast differences. Both running Minecraft 1.2.5 as latest from the App Store. The kids get random lagginess they call "funky" in any single player levels after a time. They get random crashes in the same manner. There are no Xbox accounts as they're too young (4 and 6). Both iPads are wifi internet connected.

OK MoJira team @unknown, at my house we have two iPad Mini both model A1432. One running iOS 9.3.5, one running iOS 8.1.1 (I held one back to compare / contrast differences. Both running Minecraft 1.2.5 as latest from the App Store. The kids get random lagginess they call "funky" in any single player levels after a time. They get random crashes in the same manner. There are no Xbox accounts as they're too young (4 and 6). Both iPads are wifi internet connected.

In our family, we have the following config:

Ipad mini, 3x ipad2, ipad3 all on 9.3.5.
These old ipads crash most frequent (after a few minutes of playing). Local game or server game makes no difference. Usually when going from one part of a world to another (don’t know what the technical name is that you use for that). A crash mostly folows after a lot of lagging.

2x ipad air, ipad air2, ipad 2017, ipad pro 10.5 using ios 11
These newer ipads dont’t crash often, but they alway crash after some time.

surface pro 3 with up to date windows 10
No crashes

Old pc with windows 10
No crashes

We usually run a world on the old pc, the ipads log in to that. The pc can handle this easily. Running a server on ipad is out of the question because it crashes too often.

We were super excited to get the increase from 5 to 8 players on one sever, but it’s frustrating to not be able to play like before.
The crashes were introduced in the big update. Before that, we could play for hours without crashes.

Thanks for the hard work and good luck finding the bugs!

In our family, we have the following config:

Ipad mini, 3x ipad2, ipad3 all on 9.3.5.
These old ipads crash most frequent (after a few minutes of playing). Local game or server game makes no difference. Usually when going from one part of a world to another (don’t know what the technical name is that you use for that). A crash mostly folows after a lot of lagging.

2x ipad air, ipad air2, ipad 2017, ipad pro 10.5 using ios 11
These newer ipads dont’t crash often, but they alway crash after some time.

surface pro 3 with up to date windows 10
No crashes

Old pc with windows 10
No crashes

We usually run a world on the old pc, the ipads log in to that. The pc can handle this easily. Running a server on ipad is out of the question because it crashes too often.

We were super excited to get the increase from 5 to 8 players on one sever, but it’s frustrating to not be able to play like before.
The crashes were introduced in the big update. Before that, we could play for hours without crashes.

Thanks for the hard work and good luck finding the bugs!

I posted above about constant crashes, esp near blaze farm; and a corrupted chunk. Both issues appear to be much improved for me as of the Nov 21 1.2.5 release.

That release even seems to have retroactively fixed the save I had w/ the corrupted chunk, and crushing blazes w/ pistons no longer crashes the game.

In my case the 1.2.5 release has led to a big improvement. I play on a 1.5 year old ipad.

UPDATE: still getting frequent crashes when going through portals and when respawning. All the other types of crashes for me have disappeared

I posted above about constant crashes, esp near blaze farm; and a corrupted chunk. Both issues appear to be much improved for me as of the Nov 21 1.2.5 release.

That release even seems to have retroactively fixed the save I had w/ the corrupted chunk, and crushing blazes w/ pistons no longer crashes the game.

In my case the 1.2.5 release has led to a big improvement. I play on a 1.5 year old ipad.

UPDATE: still getting frequent crashes when going through portals and when respawning. All the other types of crashes for me have disappeared

Thanks for the feedback, I'm glad the recent update has cleared up some of the issues, let's hope we can clear up the rest!

For those still having trouble in the latest version, have you tried a clean reinstall of the game also?

If you feel confident in deleting the game folders and want to try a fresh install, iOS users might need to use a file explorer or connection to another device to safely back up saves. Clearing the cache or deleting the game folders is usually the best way for a clean install.

⚠️ Back up your world saves before reinstalling ⚠️

Thanks for the feedback, I'm glad the recent update has cleared up some of the issues, let's hope we can clear up the rest!

For those still having trouble in the latest version, have you tried a clean reinstall of the game also?

If you feel confident in deleting the game folders and want to try a fresh install, iOS users might need to use a file explorer or connection to another device to safely back up saves. Clearing the cache or deleting the game folders is usually the best way for a clean install.

⚠️ Back up your world saves before reinstalling ⚠️

@unknown, I've done clean installs on both my kids' iPad Mini in recent days, with no discernible difference.

I know it might be hard to get hold of an older model iPad hardware device for proper debugging but it may be prudent to do so. Minecraft Pocket Edition was rock-solid. Whatever this replacement is, it's causing some issue on these older less capable devices.

If I have a device hooked up to XCode can I catch useful crash logs for you? Is there a debug mode r can enable to generate useful logs? Or a debug version you'd have us try?

@unknown, I've done clean installs on both my kids' iPad Mini in recent days, with no discernible difference.

I know it might be hard to get hold of an older model iPad hardware device for proper debugging but it may be prudent to do so. Minecraft Pocket Edition was rock-solid. Whatever this replacement is, it's causing some issue on these older less capable devices.

If I have a device hooked up to XCode can I catch useful crash logs for you? Is there a debug mode r can enable to generate useful logs? Or a debug version you'd have us try?

Device logs so far via XCode show a lot of "Unknown" crashes with limited information about each. Not sure that's going to be useful, but let me know.

Additionally I just clean reinstalled 1.2.5 today and the boy played a flat world with no crashes for almost 90 minutes.

Device logs so far via XCode show a lot of "Unknown" crashes with limited information about each. Not sure that's going to be useful, but let me know.

Additionally I just clean reinstalled 1.2.5 today and the boy played a flat world with no crashes for almost 90 minutes.

Device: iPad Mini 1st generation
Running IOS: 9.3.5
Game version: 1.2.5 (just did clean install today)
Device model: MD531LL/A

Crashes: After install of latest version today, could walk around for a few minutes (with slight lag). Opening creative inventory causes more lag and eventual crash.

Airplane mode: Playing in airplane mode did help, there wasn't a crash (I walked around and grabbed some inventory, placed a sign, killed a pig, etc... for about 10 minutes). However, it is still quite laggy and I don't know if my son would be able to play and build the way he would want without getting frustrated.

For the past month or so we've been playing on an old 1st generation Google Nexus (2013) - which worked fine! Our son did have to play with the WiFi off as the tablet can't handle the WiFi, but the game worked without any crashes or much lag on the old Android device. He even had 58 worlds at one point! Unfortunately, a couple days ago the device got a crack which made parts of the touchscreen not work.

Please get Minecraft working on these older iPads! We'd be so happy if you offered a lighter version that works on these older models. Before the "better together" update my son could play on his iPad mini (1st gen) as long as he wanted (or we wanted him to) without any lag or crash.

Thank you!

Device: iPad Mini 1st generation
Running IOS: 9.3.5
Game version: 1.2.5 (just did clean install today)
Device model: MD531LL/A

Crashes: After install of latest version today, could walk around for a few minutes (with slight lag). Opening creative inventory causes more lag and eventual crash.

Airplane mode: Playing in airplane mode did help, there wasn't a crash (I walked around and grabbed some inventory, placed a sign, killed a pig, etc... for about 10 minutes). However, it is still quite laggy and I don't know if my son would be able to play and build the way he would want without getting frustrated.

For the past month or so we've been playing on an old 1st generation Google Nexus (2013) - which worked fine! Our son did have to play with the WiFi off as the tablet can't handle the WiFi, but the game worked without any crashes or much lag on the old Android device. He even had 58 worlds at one point! Unfortunately, a couple days ago the device got a crack which made parts of the touchscreen not work.

Please get Minecraft working on these older iPads! We'd be so happy if you offered a lighter version that works on these older models. Before the "better together" update my son could play on his iPad mini (1st gen) as long as he wanted (or we wanted him to) without any lag or crash.

Thank you!

Ipad2 9.3.5
1.2.5

Same problem since 1.2.... was introduced, starts ok, gets continually more laggy, freezes and crashes. On each upgrade I've done clean installs with no improvement. The more action in game the more laggy. Monster mode, rain, mining blocks and mobs result in lag. My grandkids and I love playing minecraft, but can't since 1.2 was introduced.

Ipad2 9.3.5
1.2.5

Same problem since 1.2.... was introduced, starts ok, gets continually more laggy, freezes and crashes. On each upgrade I've done clean installs with no improvement. The more action in game the more laggy. Monster mode, rain, mining blocks and mobs result in lag. My grandkids and I love playing minecraft, but can't since 1.2 was introduced.