I am building an underground trading hall where villagers have 3 block long rooms that include a bed and their profession block. I've brought an unemployed villager to their room, 3 blocks away from an unclaimed profession block, yet they do not claim it. There are no nearby villages/villagers around the area.
Is it possible that somehow, dead villagers from the current or previous versions are claiming the beds and worksite blocks? (I had villagers around the general area ever since MCPE 1.9, where a few have died here and there)
I created a test copy of the world and killed all the villagers except the one in the picture and the blocks are still being claimed by a villager somehow. There are no nearby villages with villagers to claim it.
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He's stuck on the bed... All mobs get stuck on beds like that...

I had already tried removing the bed. It still doesn't work for some reason :/

Do you have any other villagers besides the one infront of the composter? Because some villager may have claimed it before the villager on the bed gets to the composter.

Yes, though they are in a village hundreds of blocks away, the chunks aren't loaded in my render distance.

@Alex A Maybe you should either break the bed or the composter and place it back, maybe the villager might claim it.

@DrownedZombie I've tried many times. It shows the green particles on the bed and composter, but the villager never claims their profession. The only way I've gotten them to claim their profession is by placing a bunch of composters, like 20 of them, and the villager claims a random one. However, I'm trying to make a trading hall and need them to claim this specific composter block.
It's so weird, it's like if there are invisible villagers around, but that doesn't make sense.

Okay so in a test copy of the world I killed all the villagers within the area and for some reason, 9 composters are claimed while 8 beds get claimed. Again, there are no villagers nearby, so I'm not sure how they're getting claimed. After that, I spawned a villager and placed a new bed and composter where the villager immediately claimed both. The only conclusion I can come up with is that somehow, dead villagers are claiming the blocks. I've had villagers here since MCPE 1.9, so maybe the entity ids of villagers that died in previous versions still exist and are claiming the blocks?

It's because that's a nitwit villager. Notice that it has a green robe underneath the biome overlay. Nitwits will not claim jobs.

@Bobby Dobberstein It's not a nitwit because if it were, it wouldn't have had a tan outer shirt covering the green. The shirt would only be green alone.
If you have a copy of the world available, you might like to make a copy of it available here for investigation:
On Windows 10 you can use the Export world feature.
On Android or iOS you need to use a file explorer to navigate to Device storage > games > com.mojang > minecraftWorlds
On Xbox or Switch the only way is to upload it to a Realm, and then download the world on Windows 10 or Android/iOS.
If the world is larger than 10MB you can upload the world to OneDrive or a similar file sharing site, and then share the link.

I've been having like the exact same sort of bug, I think, except for the fact that I all of the unemployed villagers also won't breed anymore... I don't have a copy of the world, but it's the MCBE official Discord Realm that I'm experiencing the bug on. (survival world)

Background information: I have noticed that villagers claim job blocks in order, not proximity. So if you place a job block, a certain villager will claim it. If you break it and place any job block anywhere in range, the same villager will claim it every time. The range is quite large, close to 50 blocks. They do not need to be able to reach or even see the block to claim it.
My Issue: I placed several job blocks in my trading hall to see who claimed them, then broke and moved them next to the that villager, no problem. The last two job blocks, however, aren't being claimed. I have several unemployed villagers and no nitwits. There is a raid happening outside, but all of the other blocks were claimed during the raid just fine, and nothing has changed.
Client info: Game version 1.14.0. Device iPad Air 2, iOS v13.2.3. The world is a Realm.
My Uploads: I am uploading two screenshots, "This way to the trading hall" and "The trading hall." The world exceeds the 10MB limit for attachments, but it can be found here: https://www.dropbox.com/s/v077svp0ietolf9/McL2XZaWBAA%3D.zip

Theory: The next villager in line to claim a profession is dead (edit: or out of range). It should be jumping to the next, but it's stuck.

this same to me

I can confirm that my above theory was correct. Each villager has a hidden ID that determines leader and claim order. If the next in line is gone (dead or not in a loaded chunk), the village gets stuck. Destroying all of the beds and then re-placing them resets the villager IDs and resolves the issue.

In some cases the process for scanning for workstations gets locked up when moving from one village to another, as described in comments on MCPE-49580.