I don't know much about the loot table and how looting affects them. I do know that the looting enchant should increase the number of shells you get.
I have killed 15 shulkers (noticed I was barely getting any, so I ran a test case) on 3 separate occasions, all with looting III on a diamond sword.
Case 1: 4 Shells
Case 2: 3 Shells
Case 3: 6 Shells
Not sure what is happening, but most of them don't drop anything, even with a looting sword. This feels far lower than it should be, even If I didn't have the looting enchant.
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Thank you for your report!
We're actually already tracking this issue at MCPE-35307, so we will resolve and link this ticket as a duplicate.
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I am experiencing this issue as well. I am killing shulkers with an Iron Sword with looting 2 on ithem and not getting any shulker shells.
Admins, this may be related to MCPE-66107..the two issues look similar.