I am in a Survival Realm, there are addons, but I've tested them off of the world with addons off and the results are the same. I go thirty or so blocks away from the kill chamber I have for Pillagers. I come back, there are arrows and crossbows from the Pillagers that are killed by the trident killer. I do not have the bad omen effect. I am the player that threw the trident.
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When I loaded the world, I saw a pillager captain spawn within minutes. It was the second set of pillagers that spawned. I didn't need to remove any add-ons.
I don't quite understand the kill chamber. I saw no trident, and it looked like an outdated 1x1 setup (see MCPE-54852). I wonder if the pillagers are suffocating in the wall rather than being killed by a trident, and that is why you aren't getting bad omen? Also the water seemed to be flowing the wrong way. You could just remove the water and let them fall into a 2x2 trident killer.
UPDATE: I went ahead and threw a trident in the chamber, switched to survival, and spawned a bunch of pillagers to test. The trident killer works fine! None are suffocating in the wall. However, the water is flowing the wrong way–the water source was placed directly under the spawn spot rather than in the space diagonally behind it. That prevents a lot of the pillagers from every falling into the kill spot.
Could there be patrol captains somewhere nearby?