I am having a similar issue as everyone else, but it seems to me mine is a lot more problematic. Mine isn't the worlds that I have itself, it is the entire game except oddly multiplayer servers. I can play multiplayer servers fine, no problem there. Once I try to play normal survival or creative on a realm, single player, or on multiplayer worlds (not realms) it shuts my Xbox down completely and tells me it overheated. It's a very inconsistent shut down as well, I've had it shut down after 1 second, to 5 minutes, 10 minutes, an hour, to multiple hours. More often it will shut down in a shorter amount of time than anything beyond 10 minutes. I've done some testing myself to see as to what may be causing it and I have realized that it's happening when I am loading into a world, right as soon as I am loaded in, after I run around for a little, and it will shutdown 90% of the time when I go through a nether portal or a ender portal. So it looks like it's a chunk loading issue which causes the Xbox to overheat, anytime it's trying to load in new chunks or pre-loaded, but not active chunks, I can audibly hear the fans kick into overdrive and shut my Xbox down for overheating. It's only a recent issue as well, I have played Minecraft on this Xbox Series S the week the new Xbox came out and had zero issues up until a couple weeks ago. I have clocked in 300+ hours and never ran into a single bug or problem. I have tried everything possible; doing a power cycle, clearing save data, uninstalling and reinstalling Minecraft, resetting my Xbox entirely, and eventually tried deleting all my old worlds (RIP) to see if maybe a world I have is so corrupted that it was causing this somehow. None of those worked, my Xbox can run Cyberpunk 2077, GTA, Elden Ring, Call of Duty Modern Warfare 2 just fine. This is the only game and the only time I have ever came across a overheating issue. My Xbox is well cleaned on top of it, so I hope this helps add new information to an issue that seems to be going on for some time. I have discovered one new thing recently from trying out to see if the Minecraft Preview doesn't cause the problem (which worked for a little while until it shut down my Xbox). I wasn't playing with headphones on this time and I noticed something peculiar about how the Xbox tries to handle running the game. All other games I have played for years had usually a consistent fan speed (I can tell by how loud the fan gets, from time to time it would get a little louder but not too much). But with Minecraft when I am loading into a world the fan gets very loud and if I succeed with loading in it calms down drastically to almost inaudible levels. As soon as I start loading in new chunks the fan kicks on again to very loud levels. If I stop in my tracks and let it load (50% of the time it will load them in and I can keep playing) the fan calms down again to almost inaudible levels. So it keeps going from 1% fan speed to 100% fan speed which with every other game they have a somewhat consistent 50% fan speed throughout the game (not actual percentages but you can tell what I am saying).
I believe from what I remember it has been happening since the last update, but at the time my friends weren't playing Minecraft and were playing other games so I never bothered to try and figure it out. I played on multiplayer servers only for the past two or three months, even today and I don't have my Xbox shutting down saying it overheated. It's purely within the single player normal survival section of the game. By myself or within my realm, my Minecraft on the Xbox Series S when generating the world I assume with when it does it, it shuts my Xbox down and overheats it. Which is odd to me still since its generating things within the multiplayer servers, but I can play for hours with no problems. I just want to play on the realm I pay for with my friends, and by myself on my own solo worlds.
One thing I like to add is I noticed if I uninstall and reinstall the game, the game works perfectly like the bug doesn’t exist. But once I leave the world and start a new one or join the world I played on before then the bug comes back and shuts my Xbox down and says it overheated. Not sure if it’s useful information, but something I noticed. Cause everytime I thought the bug went away after uninstalling and reinstalling the game, if I left the world I started or joined, once I hop backed into it, it would start up again