MC 122214 doesn't explain my issue. A regular map works fine. I've attached a blank map that I activated. The world/data folder shows many maps which I believe are all the treasure maps from shipwrecks I collected. All of those maps work fine. It's just the maps from the cartographer that are blank with no white icon.
This can be resolved now. Not sure if this did the trick, but the biggest change I made before it worked was switching back to 32-bit java. I'm on a 64-bit OS and wanted to allocate more memory a few days so I switched to 64-bit java.