I have observed this. Cats get stuck inside or just outside of village houses containing a bed. I eventually put my bed on a two block high tower (so the top is 2.5 blocks above the surrounding blocks) to get them to stop trying to get on it. That is how I was able to confirm that it was bed-related. When the bed was one block above the surrounding blocks (so that the top was 1.5 blocks high) and cats couldn't get on it, they would just be stuck there trying to get on, but after moving it higher the cats would no longer try and could teleport or walk away.
I've encountered random teleportation of sitting animals when I've been attacked. This is useful behavior for tamed wolves (who can help defend you) but annoying for cats (who just move from where you put them and nonchalantly watch you die–this is probably one of the more realistic features in the game) and parrots (who often die as a result of coming to your rescue). In 1.14 the combat-related teleporting no longer seems to occur (for any type of animal), but cats will now sometimes teleport even when they're sitting on a bed or chest, and sometimes they won't.
In general, animal teleportation used to be very reliable and is now (1.14.4) buggy, almost to the point of being non-functional.
I think that there are two related problems that cause (at least some of) these issues:
1) Villagers randomly disconnect from their workstations
2) Villagers that have had their trades locked (by having at least one completed trade) do not automatically try to connect with a workstation (or, possibly, do not try to connect to a workstation until after unemployed villagers have done so, but when locked villagers have lost their workstations I've never seen one automatically reconnect to one, regardless of how many or what types of other villagers and/or workstations are or are not nearby).
These two problems together mean that villagers will lose their workstations and those workstations will be picked up by a different villager, leaving the original villager unassigned and unable to renew its trades.
I've encountered this problem too. It also seems to happen if I hold a honey bottle around the bees, whether or not I just filled it. Sometimes (but only about 10% of the time) it seems to happen when I stop holding a flower and the bees stop following me.
This is a big problem when your hive is near the ocean. The bees fly out to sea and drown (which is a different issue: MC-159502, but the two are especially bad together).