Can confirm, this happens on windows 11 as well.
I know this extension, but this is still a bug and needs a fix from Mojang
There is a solution to this. You can right click the start button, then click "run", then put "Shell:AppsFolder" and enter. Doing that will open a folder, right click the Minecraft Launcher in the folder, then click "Create Shortcut"
I attached 2 more pictures
I don't have a graphics card, and my CPU is Processor Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-10400 CPU @ 2.90GHz, 2904 Mhz, 6 Cores, 12 Logical Processors.
This is not a bug, you just can't open MCD via the Minecraft Launcher if you bought it on steam.