For anyone who can't load into a world (offline or online) OR the game crashes as soon as it tries to load, in the Minecraft Launcher change the Game Directory your Installation is using to an empty folder and it should work. One of the cached files in the Game Directory folder the game is using likely does not work for the version of the game you're trying to run, and so that game version needs its own folder. If it's the only version of the game you play, delete everything that is not important to you (world saves, resource packs, etc) in your .minecraft folder and let the Launcher re-download everything it needs and that should fix the game in the same way.
For information, I was crashing on 1.13.2 trying to load into an offline world or my local server as soon as the world tried to load. I didn't have any problems on every major version 1.8.8 up to 1.12.2. I tried changing the Java executable, the command line arguments, re-downloading the 1.13.2 jar and nothing changed. I changed the Game Directory folder to a random empty folder and it loaded. All other settings are at their default and it is working. I was not using any mods or texture/resource packs of any kind. Pure vanilla.
Edit: I had the same problem on 1.14.4, but it happened as soon as the game launched instead of trying to load into a world. Same fix suggested above worked.
Edit: Same problem on 1.15.2, but it went back to the previous problem of crashing when the world tried to load, though this time it crashed on the screen saying "Saving world" rather than the moment it looks like you're loading into the world.
Edit: Since it was probably going to happen for every version after 1.12.2, I decided to delete everything in my .minecraft folder since I didn't have anything I wished to keep. Note that this will reset your launcher settings and force you to log in again as well as lose all of your installations, worlds, resource packs, mods, etc. So be sure to backup anything important to you before you do this. After re-downloading everything and launching 1.8 and then 1.15.2, both work with the same Game Directory, so I assume some cached files just didn't work for versions past 1.12.2 for me, but now they work for every version.
Kabryxis
For anyone who can't load into a world (offline or online) OR the game crashes as soon as it tries to load, in the Minecraft Launcher change the Game Directory your Installation is using to an empty folder and it should work. One of the cached files in the Game Directory folder the game is using likely does not work for the version of the game you're trying to run, and so that game version needs its own folder. If it's the only version of the game you play, delete everything that is not important to you (world saves, resource packs, etc) in your .minecraft folder and let the Launcher re-download everything it needs and that should fix the game in the same way.
For information, I was crashing on 1.13.2 trying to load into an offline world or my local server as soon as the world tried to load. I didn't have any problems on every major version 1.8.8 up to 1.12.2. I tried changing the Java executable, the command line arguments, re-downloading the 1.13.2 jar and nothing changed. I changed the Game Directory folder to a random empty folder and it loaded. All other settings are at their default and it is working. I was not using any mods or texture/resource packs of any kind. Pure vanilla.
Edit: I had the same problem on 1.14.4, but it happened as soon as the game launched instead of trying to load into a world. Same fix suggested above worked.
Edit: Same problem on 1.15.2, but it went back to the previous problem of crashing when the world tried to load, though this time it crashed on the screen saying "Saving world" rather than the moment it looks like you're loading into the world.
Edit: Since it was probably going to happen for every version after 1.12.2, I decided to delete everything in my .minecraft folder since I didn't have anything I wished to keep. Note that this will reset your launcher settings and force you to log in again as well as lose all of your installations, worlds, resource packs, mods, etc. So be sure to backup anything important to you before you do this. After re-downloading everything and launching 1.8 and then 1.15.2, both work with the same Game Directory, so I assume some cached files just didn't work for versions past 1.12.2 for me, but now they work for every version.